Trọn bộ 20 Câu PTE Retell Lecture Kèm Đáp Án

PTE Retell Lecture là một bài thi cơ bản trong PTE Speaking và cũng là thách thức đầy khó khăn với nhiều thí sinh. Trong PTE Retell Lecture, bạn sẽ đối mặt với một đoạn audio kéo dài từ 60 đến 90 giây, nhiệm vụ của bạn là nhắc lại nội dung đó trong thời gian ngắn hạn 40 giây.

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>>> 10 Đề Thi PTE Speaking Có Tỷ Lệ Ra Thi Cao Nhất Năm 2023

20 Câu PTE Retell Lecture Kèm Đáp Án Chi Tiết

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RL-146

Word comes from California of a new weapon in the war on household pests. Two scientists working for a firm in Anaheim, California, have developed a method to eliminate insects without using dangerous chemicals. The new poison? Hot air. The basic idea is that insects cannot adjust to temperatures much above normal. In laboratory experiments, cockroaches and termites can’t survive much more than a quarter of an hour at 125 degrees Fahrenheit, or about 50 degrees centigrade. The new method involves covering a house with a huge tent and filling it with air heated to around 65 degrees centigrade. Hot air is forced in with fans, and the tent keeps the heat inside the house. Since termites try to escape by hiding in wooden beams, the heat treatment must be continued for a full six hours. But when it’s all over, and the insects are dead, there are no toxic residues to endanger humans or pets, and no funny smells. Scientists claim that there is no danger of fire, either, since very few household materials will burn at 65 degrees centigrade. In fact, wood is prepared for construction use by drying it in ovens at 80 degree centigrade, which is substantially hotter than the air used in this procedure.

RL-80

Now as urban planners, what we really need to start considering is the amount of space allocated for residential areas within a city or town. And when I say ‘space’ I’m talking about space within a dwelling or home rather than the actual size of residential areas. There’s growing concern that the internal space of new homes is becoming far smaller. Too small, in fact.
Maybe you’re thinking: Is it important for residents to have sufficient space? Is it merely a preference to have more space or are there more serious implications? Is there, in fact, any evidence to suggest cramped living conditions affect residents’ physical or mental well-being or their day to day life?
Well, research from a number of sources indicates that this is an important issue which needs addressing. Cramped conditions can lead to aggressive behaviour, to family tensions, psychological anguish and, in the more extreme cases, physical illness as well. Not only this but there is a proven link between overcrowding and the social and emotional development of children as well as their educational attainment. So, the main issue here is that residents require enough individual space to be able to live and function together but with sufficient private space for personal time within the home.

RL-56

But what we are going to discuss today is how the port of London was discovered and what we discovered about it. Now if you look at the historical records of Roman London, there is only about 14 actual references to London in antiquity I contemporary references. And all those only one is in the first century, there are none at all at the second or third century. There is only one in the late third century and there is four in the fourth century. So if you are a historian trying to write the history of Rome in London, it’s really difficult. You don’t have much data, you’re going to depend on the archaeological evidence, the material evidence of the port and indeed the town to have any understanding of what happened then. And so, what we’re looking at here is how did we discover about the port of London, there is no historical documentations, no customs books, no terrorists, no idea of the taxes. We have to understand the port entirely from the archaeological evidence. So that’s what we are going to do today. So, if we move on to the next slide, I love life-streaming. Thank you very much.

RL-34

Here are Steven Sanderson Kent Redford of WCS Wildlife Conservation Society, probably pointing a finger at the poverty alleviation movement, and saying in its new incarnation it’s largely subsumed or supplanted conservation. The trend has gone unnoticed but it poses a significant threat to conservation objectives, and what they’re basically saying is if you’re interested in protecting the biosphere you ought to get on with that job you shouldn’t be distracted by the equally significant but different agendas of reducing poverty. At the same time you’ve got to British social scientists, here Dilysrow works for African Wildlife Foundation nowadays but she’s saying here poor people should not pay the price for biodiversity protection, so you can see this of the nature of the debate. What is the impact that they’re all talking about? Well, it’s about whether you can achieve a win-win solution, whether you can achieve economic growth which brings wealth in order to cut poverty without damaging biodiversity. And the argument is that if you want to protect biodiversity you have to focus on that as a goal. But if you do that, you have to run the risk of hurting the poor and you also run the risk of inconveniencing or reducing economic growth. We use the developed and argument, industrialized countries to see this axis argued about. With… let us say a government wishing to start drilling for oil in place X which is full of wildlife and the Wildlife Conservation Society is urging them not to…on the grounds…that… it’s a wilderness refuge. We use to that debate…what I’m saying is it in the developing world there’s a third axis and it’s quite a complex one.

RL-45

Why should we bother studying animal behavior? Well, first and foremost， because we are interested in understanding why animals do what they do. There are lots of other reasons for studying animal behavior. Conservation biologists need to know what animals do if they’re going to save them. Are those animals social or solitary? How much space do they need and how many mates do they have? Sometimes you can’t predict the outcome of the research. Fernando Nottebohm started out being interested in how birds know what to sing. Yet his research eventually led to a complete overhaul of the entire field of neurobiology, a totally unanticipated yet utterly monumental effect. And this is the course textbook by John Alcock. The fact that this is in its ninth edition tells you how fast a field animal behaviour is. There are lots of new developments.

RL-42

Welcome to your very first tutorial in biology. Now, in this video series, what I want to do is I want to talk to you guys about many different topics concerning biology. For example, I want to talk to you guys about DNA and genetics in cells, in bacteria, in life and a whole bunch of interesting stuff. But since this is the very first video, I think what we should do in this video is just stick with the very basics. And the first thing I want to do is talk to you guys about what is biology. So, let’s go ahead and answer that question. And the definition of biology is this: the study of life in living organisms. All right, that makes sense up to a certain point up until organisms because you may have heard of organisms before. And you may have your own definition, but the scientific definition of an organism is a living thing. Well, that’s easy. We know what living things are… I’m a living thing, er…plants, grass is a living thing. My puppy named old Dan, cutest puppy ever by the way, is a living thing, but whenever we talk about living things, believe it or not, things get kind of complicated because then you have to ask yourself “what is life”. Well, of course, if you ask your grandma or your best friend or even if you ask a philosopher “What is life”, everyone is gonna give you kind of a different definition of their outlook on life. However, whenever scientists and biologists were first deciding, you know what, “What is life?”, that’s the problem they had. Everyone had their own separate definition of life itself. So, what they needed to do before biology was even invented, which is, of course, the study of life is scientists needed to agree on the definition of life.

RL-64

Super-symmetry is a mathematical idea that people have developed an effort to understand the sharpest organising principle for the fundamental constituents of matter. You see, we have learned that particles that seem to be different, can actually secretly be united by certain symmetry principles. So we use the fact that there are symmetric objects in the world like a sphere or basketball. You turn a sphere, and even though you’ve transformed it, it looks the same fundamentally. We found that certain particles when you transform one particle into another, even though looks like the identity of the particle has changed, overall the equations describing it they don’t change at all at an underlying level of symmetry, but we’ve not been able to do is find a symmetry that would relate certain kinds of particles, namely matter particles and force particles. Matter particles are particles like electron, muons and corks, force particles are like photons and gluons and WZ bosons. Super-symmetry is a symmetry that actually relates to these two kinds, these two classes of particles. And people have proven that super-symmetry is the last possible symmetry of the fundamental particles that are mathematics, reality has not yet been shown to make use of it. So people are now trying to see whether that symmetry might actually be working in the world can be found evidence for it in our understanding of fundamental particles.

RL-11

I’m just going to take on where Standford left off. The hormone I want to talk to you about is called melatonin, and it’s synthesized in the Pineal Gland, which is very small. It is the size of a pea in your brain. Descartes called it the ‘seat of soul’, and it is where melatonin is made. And it has a rhythm as well. And in a sense, it is the opposite of cortisol. It peaks at night. We call it the darkness hormone. In every species that we studied, melatonin occurs at night. And it’s hormone that prepares you for the things, that your species, does at night. So, of course, in humans we sleep, but animals, like rodents, they are awake. So, it’s a hormone that is related to darkness behavior.

RL-156

We’re going to start today talking about congressional aides, that is, the people who work for our congressional representatives, both in Washington and in the representatives’ local districts. It used to be that members of Congress had a relatively small staff of people working for them, and the role of these people wasn’t of primary importance. But now there are thousands of congressional aides, and they’ve profoundly affected the way the whole government works. Congressional aides work in two different locations: one, in the congressional representatives’ local offices, the districts from which they were elected, and two, in Washington. Staff in the local offices help members of Congress stay in touch with citizens in their districts. These citizens can bring problems in in person, or by mail or phone. This personal connection between the aides and the local people can be helpful when the next election comes around. People remember the help they get from the office of their local congressional representative. But as you know, members of Congress have to spend most of their time in Washington taking care of their legislative duties. Over six thousand new laws are introduced in Congress each session. Without help, representatives would have trouble keeping up with the proposed laws that directly affect their districts. So that’s why the congressional aides play a major role in Washington. They keep their bosses informed about pending legislation, organize hearings, and just keep their local congressional representatives up-to-date and informed on what’s going on in other parts of Congress. Now another thing congressional aides do is to help develop ideas for laws that their bosses can eventually propose to Congress. This can be called the staff’s entrepreneurial function, a bit like a business executive trying to find out what products are most popular. Congressional aides promote or encourage laws they think will be popular with the public. You’ve also got other employees that work for the whole Congress, not just for individual members. We’ll talk about these people next.

RL-144

Today we’re going to practice evaluating the main tool used when addressing groups—the voice. There are three main elements that combine to create either a positive or negative experience for listeners. They can result in a voice that is pleasing to listen to and can be used effectively. Or they can create a voice that doesn’t hold attention, or even worse, causes an adverse reaction. The three elements are volume, pitch, and pace. When evaluating volume, keep in mind that a good speaker will adjust to the size of both the room and the audience. Of course, with an amplifying device like a microphone, the speaker can use a natural tone. But speakers should not be dependent on microphones; a good speaker can speak loudly without shouting. The second element, pitch, is related to the highness or lowness of the sounds. High pitches are, for most people, more difficult to listen to, so in general speakers should use the lower registers of their voice. During a presentation, it’s important to vary pitch to some extent in order to maintain interest. The third element, pace, that is how fast or slow words and sounds are articulated, should also be varied. A slower pace can be used to emphasize important points. Note that the time spent not speaking can be meaningful, too. Pauses ought to be used to signal transitions or create anticipation. Because a pause gives the listeners time to think about what was just said or even to predict what might come next, it can be very effective when moving from one topic to another. What I’d like you to do now is watch and listen to a videotape and use the forms I gave you to rate the speaking voices you hear. Then tonight I want you to go home and read a passage into a tape recorder and evaluate your own voice.

RL-134

Located at the NASA Research Center in Iowa is a 5,000-gallon vat of water, and inside the tank is an underwater treadmill designed by Dava Newman, an aerospace engineer. For four years Newman observed scuba divers as they simulated walking on the Moon and on Mars on her underwater moving belt. She wanted to discover how the gravity of the Moon and of Mars would affect human movement. To do this, Newman attached weights to the divers and then lowered them into the tank and onto the treadmill. These weights were carefully adjusted so that the divers could experience underwater the gravity of the Moon and of Mars as they walked on the treadmill. Newman concluded that walking on Mars will probably be easier than walking on the Moon. The Moon has less gravity than Mars does, so at lunar gravity, the divers struggled to keep their balance and walked awkwardly. But at Martian gravity, the divers had greater traction and stability and could easily adjust to a pace of 1.5 miles per hour. As Newman gradually increased the speed of the treadmill, the divers took longer, graceful strides until they comfortably settled into an even quicker pace. Newman also noted that at Martian gravity, the divers needed less oxygen. The data Newman collected will help in the future design of Martian space suits. Compared to lunar space suits, Martian space suits will require smaller air tanks; and, to allow for freer movement, the elbow and knee areas of the space suits will also be altered.

RL-150

Last week we talked about Anne Bradstreet and the role of women in the Puritan colonies. Today I want to talk about some other women who’ve contributed to American history—some famous and some not-so-famous. The first woman I’d like to talk about is Molly Pitcher. Those of you who are familiar with the name may know her as a hero of the American Revolution. But, in fact, there never was a woman named Molly Pitcher. Her real name was actually Mary Ludwig Hays. She got the nickname Molly Pitcher for her acts of bravery during the Revolutionary War. As the story goes, when Mary’s—or Molly’s—husband, John Hays, enlisted in the artillery, Mary followed, like many other wives did. She helped out doing washing and cooking for the soldiers. She was known to be a pretty unusual woman. She smoked a pipe and chewed tobacco. Anyway, in the summer of 1778, at the Battle of Monmouth, it was a blistering hot day, maybe over a hundred degrees, and fifty soldiers died of thirst during the battle. Molly wasn’t content to stay back at camp. Instead, she ran through gunshots and cannon fire carrying water in pitchers from a small stream out to the thirsty American soldiers. The relief that she brought with her pitchers of water gave her the legendary nickname Molly Pitcher. The story also says that she continued to load and fire her husband’s cannon after he was wounded. They say she was so well liked by the other soldiers that they call her “Sergeant Molly.” In fact, legend has it that George Washington himself gave her the special military title.

RL-180

This is Hans Krebs, who in 1937 published a paper showing the sequence of chemical reactions, by which energy is released in individual cells. It is called the Krebs cycle, which some of you may remember from your chemistry course in your high school. Krebs is a wonderful example to me of how a scientist who is determined can overcome all kinds of human obstacles. Krebs’ father constantly discouraged him and told him that he had just mediocre intelligence whenever to anything important in his life, as a teenager. What Krebs remembers in his memoir, his father said to him “you can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear”. And later on, when Krebs studied with the great biochemist Otto Warburg, Warburg also told him the same thing. Not the same quote but that he had only mediocre ability and would never be a great scientist. And we all hear about how important it is for parents to encourage their children, but sometimes the children will go on to do great things no matter what we say to them.

RL-142

Did you ever wonder why it is that most people are “programmed” to sleep at night instead of during the day? If there’s something about the cycle of light and dark that’s telling us when to sleep, then shouldn’t the sleep cycle of a blind person be different? As it turns out, many blind people—people with no visual perception of light at all—do have the same sleep cycle as sighted people. So now you’re wondering, “How can this happen?” The answer is: hormones, one hormone in particular. It’s called melatonin. In sighted people, the level of melatonin goes up at night, or when it’s dark, and goes down in the day, or when it’s light. It’s believed that it’s the presence of this hormone in the blood that gives us the urge to sleep. If an increase in melatonin level “programs” sighted people to sleep at night, then what about blind people? A researcher, named Dr. Charles Czeisler, tells about an interesting experiment. He tried shining a bright light into the eyes of some blind people. When he did this, he noticed that the level of the melatonin in the blood of these subjects went down just as it would do for sighted people. Somehow, the eyes of these subjects, even though they were damaged and had no visual perception of light, could tell their brain when there was more or less light. Now, this doesn’t work for all blind people; in fact, most of Czeisler’s subjects had no hormonal response to light at all. Further research may be able to explain this sensitivity to light in terms of the type of blindness of the subject.

RL-176

Global financial markets are in flux about the latest World Bank forecast for the global economy suggesting that there may be a double-dip recession indeed another global financial crisis I think there’s good reasons to be cautiously optimistic in terms of Australia and indeed in terms of Asia firstly most of the focus has been on European debt particularly in the new European economies most of that doesn’t affect Australia directly in terms of trade and investment secondly in the area that is important to Australia in Asia the World Bank has downgraded India quite strongly despite the fact that trade wise China is more directly affected by the European downturn than India is and lastly the emergence of China and India as yarn and the emerging economies is actually very very important for Australia and basically because Australia has very strong trade links with Asia with the emerging economies I think we will fare better than Europe and North America some years ago the Australian historian Jeffrey Blaney wrote a very famous book called the tyranny of distance it talked about how far Australia was from Europe and why that would be very bad for us economically well I think now with the rise of Asia I think we now can talk about the power of proximity replacing the Tura near distance as Australia finds itself at the right place at the right time in the Asian century.

RL-53

This illustration often used is the one that the monkeys and the typewriters. Ok, we have a monkey sitting at a typewriter and the claim here is basically if you leave chance in time long enough you will get life, don’t worry about it, yes, its’s strange, yes, it’s wonderful, but leave enough matter 600 million years on earth and you will have life. So, the monkey sitting at the typewriter the chances are eventually he produces the complete works of Shakespeare so what’s the problem. So, there’s no problem. There’s no issue, right? You just leave it long enough and you’ll find. And one key striker seconds, the monkey might well eventually get to you the complete works of Shakespeare but he doesn’t manage to do it in 600 million years. So, what I decided to do is to run the numbers. I, instead of saying typing the complete work of Shakespeare, I just run the numbers for how long would it take a monkey typing one key striker a second. To type “to be or not to be that is the question’. Right? On average how long is it gonna take my monkey friend one keystroke a second. I don’t know how you think it would be. Maybe you could have a guess. Would it be less or more than 600 million years, which is the period life on earth isn’t supposed to have emerge within and when I run the numbers” to be or not to be is the question’ takes 12.6 trillion trillion trillion years to type just that phrase and a DNA string has got as much as information the encyclopedia Britannica. Are we saying that something of that complexity emerges by chance undirected within 600 million years? Again, it’s mathematically possible but it’s so incredibly unlikely that it would have that it tilts me in favour of the Christian story in which God creating life, simply a question of saying let that be and there was.

RL-155

Human populations near the equator have evolved dark skin over many generations because of exposure to the fierce rays of the Sun. A similar phenomenon has also occurred in other parts of the animal kingdom. The African grass mouse is a good example. Most mice are nocturnal, but the African grass mouse is active during daylight hours. This means that it spends its days searching for food in the semidry bush and scrub habitats of eastern and southern Africa. Its fur is striped, like a chipmunk’s, which helps it blend in with its environment. Because it spends a lot of time in the intense tropical sun, the grass mouse has also evolved two separate safeguards against the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation. First, like the populations of humans in this region of the world, the skin of the grass mouse contains lots of melanin, or dark pigment. Second, and quite unusual, this mouse has a layer of melanin-pigmented tissue between its skull and skin. This unique “cap” provides an extra measure of protection for the grass mouse and three other types of African mouse-like rodents that are active during the day. The only other species scientists have identified with the same sort of skull adaptation is the white tent-making bat of the Central American tropics. Although these bats sleep during the day, they do so curled up with their heads exposed to the sun.

RL-158

Well, if there are no more questions, I would like to continue our discussion of human evolution by looking at Homo erectus, the earliest of our ancestors who stood upright. Homo erectus lived about one and a half million years ago and was given that name because, at the time the first fossil was discovered, it represented the first primate to stand upright. There is evidence now that Homo erectus had sharper mental skills than their predecessors. They constructed the first standardized tool for hunting and butchering. They created an extraordinary stone implement, a large teardrop-shaped hand ax whose design and symmetry reveal a keen sense of aesthetics. This detailing, along with the ax’s utilitarian value, strongly suggests that Homo erectus had the ability to conceive of and execute a design to specification. In addition, Homo erectus was the first hominid to use fire. This discovery enticed them to cook meat, which they could flavor and keep from spilling by flame, and which paleontologists now believe may have given them a new disease. Some fossil bones of Homo erectus are grossly deformed, and paleontologists have noted that this condition is similar to that found in people today who have been exposed to chronic overdoses of vitamin A. Apparently Homo erectus first got this disease by eating large amounts of animal liver.

RL-153

I need to make sure you understand how to get housing for next year. When you entered as first-year students this year, the school assigned you to a dorm and a roommate, but next year as returning students you’ll choose both your roommate and your dorm. But whether or not you actually get to live in your first choice depends on what number you or your roommate draws in the lottery system. The system gives priority to the students who have been here longest. Fourth-year students get the first block of numbers, third-years get the second block, and second-years—like you’ll be—get the third. The lower the number you draw, the sooner you choose. Number one gets the first choice, number two gets the second choice, and so on. You can use either your own or your intended roommate’s number to make your room choice. If your roommate for next year has been at the school longer than you have, they’ll be in a better block of numbers and so will have a better number than any second-year student. But most of you will probably be rooming with other second-year students and so neither of you may have a great number. You may not get into your first or even second choice. Of course, if you’ve made plans to live off campus, you don’t need to enter the lottery at all. Dorm space will be especially tight this year because the dorms on North Campus will be closed for renovations. This means that those of you who draw the worst numbers won’t be able to get dorm housing at all. In that case, the housing office will help you find off-campus housing.

RL-197

Only once the Industrial Revolution kicked in and fully got underway, were we able to create megacities, which I will refer to in more detail in a minute. So I’m going to alternate some slides here with some statistics. And here I’m going to… just pointing out in the 20th century humanity… human numbers went up from… fourfold from 1.5 billion to 6 billion people. Today, we have more people living on this planet than practically in the entire history of humanity before that, a complete transformation of our presence on this planet. Resource consumption and urban population in the 20th century increased 16 fold. And cities today, on just 2% of the world’s land surface, has half its world people… half the world’s people, use 75% of its resources and discharge most of its waste. So I mean you have to look at cities really almost like funnels, taking resources from all over the planet, because cities today have a global hinterland, no longer just a local one. And then through these cities flow these resources through our daily lives, through our households, and out come wastes the other end that have extraordinary impacts on the… on the biosphere. And I’ll refer to that, and go into that in more detail in a minute.

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