PTE Retell Lecture Practice: 10 Câu Hại Não Kèm Đáp Án Chi Tiết!

Đối với một số thí sinh phần thi PTE Retell Lecture là một phần thi không dễ “nuốt” vì vừa phải nghe, take note và thuật lại nội dung đoạn lecture trong thời gian ngắn. Tuy nhiên, nếu được luyện tập với template chuẩn và hiểu cách áp dụng template hiệu quả thì phần thi này lại khá dễ dàng để lấy điểm.

Vì vậy, hôm nay PTE HELPER xin gởi đến các bạn 10 câu khó mà lại thường hay xuất hiện trong bài thi kèm đáp án chi tiết do Đội Ngũ Thu Thập Đề độc quyền tại nhà HELPER tổng hợp. Các bạn có thể kết hợp với template trong bài viết bên dưới để luyện tập nhé.

 

Để nghe audio của các đoạn Retell Lecture này, các bạn có thể truy cập vào PTE.Tools – Phần mềm luyện thi PTE Miễn Phí số 1 hiện nay với 100% câu hỏi từ đề thi thật.

PTE Retell Lecture được chấm điểm như thế nào?

Theo Score Guide của Pearson, phần thi Retell Lecture được đánh giá dựa trên 3 tiêu chí:

• Content (nội dung)
• Oral Fluency (độ trôi chảy)
• Pronunciation (phát âm)

Mỗi tiêu chí đều có thang điểm tối đa là 5. Tuy nhiên để đạt được 5 điểm cho tiêu chí Content, thí sinh cần phải mô tả lại được hết các khía cạnh của chủ đề; các mối quan hệ giữa những yếu tố; còn phải liệt kê được sự phát triển ý của tác giả.

Để lấy được điểm tối đa cho tiêu chí Content không đơn giản và đây cũng không phải là trọng điểm mà người thi nên hướng tới. Vì trong 3 tiêu chí trên, thang điểm 5 ở tiêu chí Oral Fluency và Pronunciation dễ đạt được hơn so với tiêu chí Content.

PTE Retell Lecture Tips | Tip 1: Không nên quá chú trọng vào Content (nội dung)

Khi làm PTE Retell Lecture, việc take note dài và tham điểm Content thường làm thí sinh bị hụt hơi khi đọc; vì muốn cố gắng đưa thật nhiều nội dung mình đã take note được vào bài. Hơn nữa vì quá chú trọng vào ý nghĩa của câu; mỗi lần đọc note thí sinh dễ sa đà, suy nghĩ quá nhiều, dẫn đến độ trôi chảy không được mượt mà gây mất điểm Oral Fluency và Pronunciation cũng không được rõ ràng.

Vì vậy, đối với phần thi Retell Lecture này, thí sinh chỉ nên hướng đến mức điểm 3-4 cho Content, chú trọng take note để bật lên được các ý chính và kết luận cuối cùng của tác giả đối với vấn đề.

Ví dụ

Khi tham ghi lại quá nhiều Content, notes sẽ dài và bị ngắt quãng như sau

• Skoog new university assessable musical instrument

• design use by children adults special needs anyone

• soft easy play robust customize anyone abilities

• students special needs, allow get involved creating music

• play take ownership start creating sound music

Khi đọc thí sinh sẽ chú trọng nối các note này thành câu hoàn chỉnh, và chính những chỗ này (đã được bôi đen như ví dụ ở dưới) sẽ khiến người thi vấp và mất điểm.

The Skoog is a new university assessable musical instrument. The university is designed for use by children or adults with special needs and by anyone. The musical instrument is soft, easy to play, robust, customized for anyone’s abilities. Students with special needs are allowed to get involved and create music. The students play and take ownership and start creating sounds and music.

Vì vậy người thi chỉ nên take note ngắn (chừng 4-6 dòng và 3-5 chữ mỗi dòng) và nên sử dụng hoặc chuẩn bị template theo đúng tiêu chuẩn chấm điểm của Pearson; để có thể đọc mượt mà, trôi chảy cùng phát âm rõ ràng hơn.

Bạn có thể tham khảo template chuẩn cho phần thi PTE Retell Lecture do PTE HELPER biên soạn tại đây:

 

Bài viết này sẽ chỉ ra 3 sai lầm mà thí sinh hay mắc phải khi luyện tập; khiến thí sinh mất điểm oan cho phần thi Retell Lecture PTE.

1. Retell Lecture PTE: Sai lầm về phát âm (Pronunciation)

Trong phần thi Retell Lecture PTE, thí sinh thường lo lắng vì trong phòng thi có khá nhiều thí sinh khác cũng đang làm bài thi cùng lúc với mình; vì vậy một số thí sinh nói khá lớn và có xu hướng tập trung quá mức vào việc phát âm rõ chữ vì sợ máy không bắt được câu trả lời của mình. Điều này sẽ làm chậm tốc độ, kéo căng âm tiết và phát âm rời rạc.

Oral Fluency (độ trôi chảy) là quan trọng nhất!

Trong Score Guide của Pearson, nếu các từ bị tách biệt với những khoảng dừng thường xuyên và phần trình bài nói không liên tục, điểm số Oral Fluency của thí sinh sẽ rơi vào 2 tiêu chí dưới cùng (0 hoặc ⅕ điểm). Nói cách khác, quá chú trọng vào phát âm (pronunciation) khiến bài nói trở nên thiếu sự trôi chảy.

Hơn nữa, bạn sẽ đạt điểm cao cho phần phát âm nếu bạn có thể nhấn đúng trọng âm của câu. Điều này có nghĩa là không chỉ các nguyên âm và phụ âm của mỗi từ phải được phát âm rõ ràng và chính xác, mà các từ chính của câu cũng phải được nhấn trọng âm, trong khi các từ ít quan trọng hơn nên được nhấn nhẹ hơn một cách liên tục trong một bài speaking.

Ví dụ: The lecturer had a discussion on the problems caused by climate change.

Những từ trong câu trên cần phải nhấn trọng âm khi đọc: lecturer; discussion; problems; climate change.

2. Retell Lecture PTE: Sai lầm về độ trôi chảy (Oral Fluency)

Một trong những sai lầm phổ biến nhất của các thí sinh khi làm Retell Lecture PTE là không có một sườn bài chuẩn. Một số chỉ kể lại bài lecture dựa trên nội dung mà họ nghe được. Họ thường sắp xếp các ghi chú và ideas của mình theo quán tính và dựa trên sự hiểu biết của họ. Do đó, sẽ xuất hiện những do dự khi suy nghĩ, các câu / ý tưởng dài và ngắn lộn xộn hoặc các từ như: Well, So, Ok, ah, uhm, v.v. Đây thường là điều bình thường trong đàm thoại hàng ngày, nhưng sẽ ảnh hưởng xấu đến điểm thi Speaking PTE của thí sinh.

Quan niệm sai về tốc độ

Nhiều thí sinh nghĩ rằng khi mình nói càng nhanh thì nghe càng trôi chảy. Đây cũng là một quan niệm sai lầm. Trên thực tế, khi nói nhanh, thí sinh không thể kiểm soát được Phát âm của mình. Họ có thể phát âm sai nhiều từ hơn, bỏ sót các âm tiết và trọng âm của từ và trọng âm của câu. Điều này chắc chắn sẽ có tác động tiêu cực đến điểm Pronunciation của họ.

Theo Score Guide của Pearson, khi nói nhanh, thí sinh cũng dễ bị vấp từ, thậm chí gây ra sự ngập ngừng và lặp lại nhiều hơn. Những vấn đề này làm cho thí sinh bị điểm thấp cho phần Oral Fluency.

3. Retell Lecture PTE: Sai lầm về nội dung

Một trong những lầm tưởng phổ biến nhất trong phần thi Retell Lecture PTE là cần phải ghi chú càng nhiều từ khóa càng tốt và đưa chúng vào bài làm của mình. Nhưng trên thực tế, chiến lược này chỉ nên áp dụng trong phần thi Summarize Written Text, vì nếu bị điểm 0 cho Nội dung (content) sẽ dẫn đến điểm 0 cho toàn bài!

Còn trong phần thi Retell Lecture thì không có điều kiện như vậy. Trên thực tế, việc take note lại tất cả ideas chính là không cần thiết, và việc đề cập đến nội dung tổng quát và kết luận của bài nghe để nhận được trọn 5 điểm – gần như là điều không thể.

Hãy xem ví dụ sau:

“I’m just going to take on the stuff where left off. The hormone I want to talk to you about is called melatonin. And it’s synthesized in the Pineal Gland, which is very small. It is the size of a pea in your brain. Decartes called it “the seat of soul”, and it is where melatonin is made. And it has a rhythm as well. And in the sense, it is the opposite of cortisol. It peaks at night. We call it as the darkness hormone. In every species that we studied, melatonin occurs at night. And it’s a hormone that prepares you for the things, that your species, does at night. So, of course, in humans we sleep, but animals, like rodents, they are awake. It’s a hormone that is related to darkness behavior.”

Như có thể thấy bài trên chứa một số lượng lớn các danh từ riêng, thuật ngữ khoa học và hiện tượng, cụ thể là melatonin, Pineal Gland, Descartes, cortisol, hormone v.v. Giảng viên cũng chia nhỏ các ý tưởng thành các câu ngắn, hoàn toàn khiến người nghe khó nắm bắt được ý chính của bài giảng. Tất cả những điều này sẽ ngăn cản các thí sinh take note một cách hiệu quả các ý chính.

PTE Retell Lecture Tips | Tip 2: Mẹo take note hiệu quả

Take note từ 4-6 ghi chú, mỗi ghi chú 3-5 từ khóa gần nhau, những từ khóa này phải là tính từ, danh từ hoặc động từ. Luôn nhớ bạn không cần phải trình bày lại tất cả ý chính của bài lecture.

Ví dụ:

PTE Retell Lecture | Câu số 1 tại PTE.Tools

Australia’s location is important for the world’s exports, and its international trade is also important. Since Australia has a large territory with vast, uninhabited areas, all towns are scattered around. This leads to huge expenses for transportation when using trains and ferries. The government also have to pay large amounts for its telecommunications to build up the catching between these regions. The Australian people are mainly living in five cities: Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and Brisbane and Adelaide. The most special one is Perth, which is one of the most isolated cities in the world. However, this does not affect its state to be one of the largest cities in Australia. Most large companies, like the two leading companies, Telstra and Qantas, they are both based in Perth.

(Để nghe audio của đoạn Retell Lecture này, bạn có thể truy cập vào PTE.Tools)

Cách take note tốt:

1. Australia’s location is important; 
2. Australia, large territory; 
3. trains and ferries; 
4. telecommunications between these regions; 
5. Melbourne, Sydney, Perth
6. one of the largest cities in Australia

PTE Retell Lecture Tips | Tip 3: Sử dụng template chuẩn giúp nâng điểm Oral Fluency & Pronunciation

Để lấy điểm cao và vượt qua phần thi này dễ dàng, các bạn cần chuẩn bị cho mình 1 template với những từ đơn giản, dễ đọc và phát âm. Để khi gắn note vào template trong phòng thi, không bị lúng túng hay ngập ngừng bởi những từ nâng cao khó phát âm làm mất điểm Oral Fluency và Pronunciation. Tránh các template quá dài, khó nhớ cũng sẽ dẫn đến ngập ngừng làm mất điểm Oral Fluency.

Có thể sử dụng template đơn giản như sau:

The topic was about [Note 1], which is a very interesting topic. And then I can hear the information about [Note 2-3-4…].

 

Ví dụ hoàn chỉnh của bài Retell Lecture đã take note ở trên:

The topic was about Australia’s location is important, which is a very interesting topic. And then I can hear the information about Australia, large territory. And then I can hear the information about trains and ferries. And then I can hear the information about telecommunications between these regions. And then I can hear the information about Melbourne, Sydney, Perth. And then I can hear the information about one of the largest cities in Australia.

Trong quá trình retell bạn hãy cố gắng giữ tốc độ nói tự nhiên, thoải mái nhất. Đảm bảo rằng mọi từ phải được phát âm một cách dễ hiểu và tự nhiên, không bỏ sót âm tiết (quá nhanh) hoặc nhấn trọng âm không cần thiết (quá chậm).

Hãy nhớ rằng bài Retell Lecture không đòi hỏi điều gì nhiều, tất cả những việc bạn làm là luyện tập và luyện tập đúng cách.

Team PTE Helper rất mong những chia sẻ trên sẽ giúp các bạn sớm đạt điểm số mong muốn.

 

PTE Retell Lecture Practice | Câu số 4 tại PTE.Tools – Black Hole

This simulation shows what you might see if you are orbiting a black hole. The light and position of background stars around the hole are distorted by its gravity and they seem to spin around. On the right, the constellation Orion appears to approach the event horizon, the boundary from which nothing can escape. Orion stars look like they become separated and get spun around. Once the hole has passed by, Orion reappears on the left and looks normal again. Users can also experiment with different scenarios. This is what you might see if you were traveling towards a black hole with rocket engines slowing your descent. Another simulation mimics free fall into a hole. In the middle, the light of the entire universe appears to be concentrated in a bright ring.

• The lecturer talks about what happens to stars when orbiting a black hole. Due to the enormous gravity of the black hole, the light and positions of stars around the hole are captured and distorted.

• Đoạn audio nói về những điều sẽ xảy ra với các ngôi sao khi chúng quay quanh lỗ đen vũ trụ. Do lực hấp dẫn cực lớn của lỗ đen, ánh sáng và vị trí của các ngôi sao xung quanh bị thu nạp và biến dạng.

PTE Retell Lecture Practice | Câu số 8 tại PTE.Tools – Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

The basis of all life on Earth is the cell. All creatures on Earth are made up of cells. I’m not gonna dwell on the biology of cells and much is it not that relevant. But do want to point out a few things. First of all, there are 2 sorts of cells. As we think all the prokaryotic cell, which is fairly simple and it’s the thing that all bacteria are made of. And then we have a eukaryotic cell, much more complicated beasts on the right, which did not appear until well into the history of the biosphere on earth. And there are many single-celled eukaryotes. But there are also and importantly multicellular organisms and all of those are based on the eukaryotic cell.   

• The lecturer talks about the two basic types of cells that make up the basis of all life on Earth. These are prokaryotic cell appearing in bacteria and eukaryotic cell appearing in multicellular organisms.

• Đoạn audio nói về hai loại tế bào cơ bản tạo nên cơ sở cho sự sống trên Trái Đất. Đó là tế bào nhân sơ xuất hiện ở vi khuẩn và tế bào nhân thực xuất hiện ở sinh vật đa bào.

PTE Retell Lecture Practice | Câu số 10 tại PTE.Tools – Melatonin

I’m just going to take on the stuff where left off. The hormone I want to talk to you about is called melatonin. And it’s synthesized in the Pineal Gland, which is very small. It is the size of a pea in your brain. Decartes called it “the seat of soul”, and it is where melatonin is made. And it has a rhythm as well. And in the sense, it is the opposite of cortisol. It peaks at night. We call it as the darkness hormone. In every species that we studied, melatonin occurs at night. And it’s a hormone that prepares you for the things, that your species, does at night. So, of course, in humans we sleep, but animals, like rodents, they are awake. It’s a hormone that is related to darkness behavior”.

• The lecture talks about the melatonin, which is the darkness hormone or the hormone occuring at night.          More specifically in this lecture, where the hormone is produced in the body and what behavirour it is responsible for in both humans and animals are mentioned.
• Đoạn audio nói về melatonin – loại hormone xuất hiện vào ban đêm. Cụ thể hơn, bài giảng đề cập đến nơi sản sinh ra hoocmon và tác động của nó đối với cả người và động vật.

PTE Retell Lecture Practice | Câu số 15 tại PTE.Tools – X-ray

This is one picture that you probably you all know what it is when you see it. It’s a familiar looking image it’s something that probably we all have some personal experience with, right? This is a chest x-ray that would be taken in your doctor’s office, for example, or a radiologist’s office. And it is a good example of Biomedical Engineering and that it takes a physical principle, that is how do x-rays interact with the tissues of your body, and it uses that physics, that physical principle to develop a picture of what’s inside your body, so to look inside and see things that you couldn’t see without this device. And you’Il recognize some parts of the image, you can see the ribcage here, the bones you can see the heart is the large bright object down here. If you, have good eyesight from the distance, you can see the vessels leading out of the heart and into the lungs, and the lungs are darker spaces within the ribcage.         

• The lecturer talks about the physical principle of how x-rays interact with the body’s tissues and develop a picture of inside of the body.

• Đoạn audio nói về nguyên lý vật lý của việc chụp X-quang: tia X sẽ tương tác với các mô trên cơ thể để tạo nên hình ảnh bên trong cơ thể.

PTE Retell Lecture Practice | Câu số 30 tại PTE.Tools – The Sound Of Cracking Knee        

The sound of a cracking knee isn’t particularly pleasant. But it gets worse when you listen up close. “It does for most people. But for me, it just makes me excited.” Omer Inan, an electrical engineer at Georgia Tech. “I actually feel like there’s some real information in them that can be exploited for the purposes of helping people with rehab.” Inan’s experience with cracking knees goes back to his days as an undergrad at Stanford, where he threw discus. “If I had a really hard workout, then the next day of course I’d be sore, but I’d also sometimes feel this basically catching or popping or creaking every now and then in my knee.” A few years later, he found himself building tiny microphones at a high-end audio company. So when he got to Georgia Tech and heard the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA, wanted better tech for knee injuries, he thought: Why not strap tiny microphones to people’s knees, to eavesdrop as their legs bend?” What we think it is, is the cartilage and bone rubbing against each other, the surfaces inside the knee rubbing against each other, during those movements.” He and a team of physiologists and engineers built a prototype with stretchy athletic tape and a few tiny mics and skin sensors. And preliminary tests on athletes suggest the squishy sounds the device picks up are more erratic, and more irregular, in an injured knee than in a healthy one, which Inan says might allow patients and doctors to track healing after surgery. Details appear in the IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.  “The primary application we’re targeting at first is to give people a decision aid during rehabilitation, following an acute knee injury, to help them understand when they can perform particular activities, and when they can move to different intensities of particular activities.” A useful thing to take a crack at.

• The lecturer talks about the development of a healing-tracking aid for knee injury. This tech is the combination of tiny microphones and skin sensors strapping around the patient’s knee to pick up sounds of bending legs; doctors will then analyse the sounds and decide which rehabilitation activities are suitable for the patient.

• Đoạn audio nói về sự phát triển của thiết bị hỗ trợ cho việc chữa lành chấn thương đầu gối. Công nghệ này là sự kết hợp giữa cảm biến siêu âm và cảm biến da. Thiết bị sẽ được quấn quanh đầu gối của bệnh nhân để thu âm thanh phát ra khi đầu gối gập lại. Các bác sĩ sau đó sẽ phân tích âm thanh này và quyết định hoạt động trị liệu là nào phù hợp với bệnh nhân.

PTE Retell Lecture Practice | Câu số 54 tại PTE.Tools – Brain Development

The brain is basically built from the bottom up. First the brain builds basic circuits that are responsible for basic skills, and then more complex circuits are built on top of those basic circuits as we develop more complex skills. Biologically, the brain is prepared to be shaped by experience. It’s expecting the experiences that a young child has to literally influence the formation of its circuitry, it’s built into our biology. The interaction between genetics and experience that shapes brain architecture is embedded in a reciprocal relationship, the relationships that children have with the adults in their lives. And by that we mean what we refer to as the serve-and-return nature of children’s interaction with their adults development. And the impact of experience on development is not a one-way street. It’s a back-and-forth interaction. The brain is a highly integrated organ which has multiple sections that specialize in different kind of processes, so we have parts of the brain that are involved more in cognitive function and other parts that are involved in processing of emotion and parts involved in seeing and hearing. So if a child is emotionally kind of…well…put together and socially competent, that will affect more positive and productive learning. And if a child is preoccupied with fears or anxiety or is dealing with considerable stress no matter how intellectually gifted that child might be, his or her learning is going to be impaired by that kind of emotional interference.”

• The lecturer talks about how the brain is developed in a bottom-up manner in children. The brain architecture is shaped by the back-and-forth interaction between genetics and experience and contains multiple sections that specialises in different kinds of processes.

• Đoạn audio nói về cách não bộ phát triển theo hướng từ dưới lên ở trẻ em. Cấu trúc não bộ được hình thành bởi sự tương tác qua lại giữa di truyền và kinh nghiệm sống. Não bộ còn được tổ chức theo nhiều khu vực, và mỗi khu vực có những chức năng khác nhau.

PTE Retell Lecture Practice | Câu số 162 tại PTE.Tools – DNA-Gene Development

But I’m going to focus on today, is really different larger forms of genetic variation involving essentially gains, losses and inversions of sequence. So showing here is a 30 in the simple diagram. We have an example of some structural variation operationally defined as events greater than a KB in size. So we have pieces of DNA that sometimes become deleted. We have pieces of DNA that sometimes become duplicated on chromosomes and regions which can be in fact inverted or turned around with respect to another orientation. So this very busy map here represents probably about three years of work in my lab, just to kind of characterize the general pattern of structural variation in eight human genomes. So shown here are different human chromosomes for from African, and for from non-African the distinctions really aren’t that important, but what I’m showing you here, is the presence of insertions deletions and inversions as red as blue red and green and so each line here represents a different human genome that has been analyzed looking for structural variation of events greater than 5,000 base pairs in size, so a couple things you can maybe get from. This is you can see that there’s a lot of genetic variation out there, that is above the level of single base pair change and most of the events that you’re seeing here are essentially inherited, but we now know based on studying roughly about 2,000 human genomes, but there’s a significant fraction of very large events often hundreds of KB in size that are either individually specific or specific to specific families , so this is kind of changing our view of the dynamic nature of the human genome.

• The lecturer talks about genetic variation involving the gains, losses and inversions of DNA pieces. Most of the DNA sequences are essentially inherited, but there’s a significant fraction that are individual-specific or family-specific.

• Đoạn audio nói về việc biến dị di truyền là quá trình đến sự tăng, giảm và đảo đoạn DNA. Hầu hết các trình tự DNA về cơ bản là được di truyền, nhưng có một phần đáng kể chỉ xuất hiện ở cấp độ cá nhân hoặc gia đình.

PTE Retell Lecture Practice | Câu số 130 tại PTE.Tools – Fossilization

The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils. The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long. Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

• The lecturer talks about Holzmaden, Germany, which is the area possessing high rate of occurrence of Ichthyosaur fossils, especially fossils of embryos. The question remains of why this specific site is used by many pregnant ichthyosaurs at their time of giving birth.

• Đoạn audio nói về Holzmaden, Đức – khu vực sở hữu tỷ lệ xuất hiện hóa thạch của khủng long Ichthyosaur cao, đặc biệt là hóa thạch phôi thai. Câu hỏi được đặt ra là tại sao nơi này lại được sử dụng là nơi sinh nở của nhiều khủng long Ichthyosaurs.

PTE Retell Lecture Practice | Câu số 8 tại PTE.Tools Sensing Systems in Smartphone Apps

Computer scientist Shweta Patel and his team are developing new sensing systems. “The initial focus was really around energy and water monitoring.” They built a new generation of smart sensors that monitor electronic interference on a home’s power line or water pressure changes in the plumbing. Most of this technology has already found industrial applications, and Patel and his team turned their attention to adapting this technology for personal health monitoring. “So how do we take this noise and make it into a signal of interest was kind of in the core of what we did for many years and we’re taking that work and applying it to other domains.” They’re looking to take advantage of all the functionality built in our smartphones. With the users’ permission, this app can use the microphone built into most smartphones to listen to background noises, such as coughing, searching for patterns that suggest a trip to the doctor might be an order. “We constructed these models that try and understand how sound works, how it, what its patterns are and we give it a whole bunch of examples of different kinds of audio things, like people talking, things like people laughing, sneezing and of course coughing. This app uses a phone’s camera to check haemoglobin levels in blood by analyzing the color of capillary fluids through the skin. Generally, what happens is if you’re anemic, your bloods are going to be a little less red and we take advantage of that by putting your finger over a camera of a phone. The camera of the phone can actually see the coloration of the blood. This test uses the camera to tell parents worried about jaundice in newborn infants. “Now jaundice is something that doctors who have seen tons of babies can just kind of figure out on a very basic level of is this baby, do they need to get treatment or are they in a good condition, whereas the first-time parent has no idea necessarily what jaundice might look like.” The researchers say the built-in sensors found in smartphones are already commonplace, but their applications and their implications for our health and well-being may be more far-reaching than we ever imagined.

• The lecturer talks about the development of new sensing systems for personal health monitoring using the advantage of built-in functionality in smartphones. More specifically, built-in microphones are utilised to listen to background noises and detect health signals; cameras are used to check hemoglobin levels in blood by analyzing the color of capillary fluids.

• Đoạn audio nói về sự phát triển của hệ thống cảm biến mới sử dụng các chức năng tích hợp trong điện thoại thông minh để theo dõi sức khỏe cá nhân. Cụ thể hơn, micrô tích hợp được tận dụng để lắng nghe tiếng ồn xung quanh và phát hiện các tín hiệu sức khỏe; hay máy ảnh được sử dụng để kiểm tra nồng độ hemoglobin trong máu bằng cách phân tích màu sắc của mao mạch trên da.

PTE Retell Lecture Practice | Câu số 82 tại PTE.Tools – Biology

Now, you might think it strange that in a lecture on biology, I will be talking a lot about mathematics… urn … If I may digress a bit … When I was a student, mathematics, the language of dear abstraction, had nothing to do with life sciences like biology, the sphere of messy organic forms, cutting up frogs in the lab, and so on… um … In fact, I started doing biology precisely to avoid maths and physics. So, I’ve had a lot of catching up to do. We are all aware of how the sciences have come to inter-relate more and more, and not only will mathematics impinge more and more on biology but also, I am told, in the 21″ century, the driving force behind mathematics will be biology. This is partly because mathematicians are always on the lookout for more areas to conquer. But a far greater reason is that the subject has been boiled down to physics and chemistry – obvious attractions for mathematicians. A number of mathematical fields can be applied to biology. For example, knot theory is used in the analysis of the tangled strands of DNA, and abstract geometry in four or more dimensions is used to tell us about viruses. Again, neuroscience appears to be maths friendly and equations can also explain why hallucinogenic drugs cause the users to see spirals. So, if mathematicians are taking such a keen interest in biology, the least we can do as biologists is return the compliment.

• The lecturer talks about how maths and biology have come to inter-relate more and more in the 21^st century. Maths impinges on biology, and vice versa, biology is the driving force behind maths.

• Đoạn audio nói về việc toán học và sinh học ngày càng có mối liên hệ với nhau nhiều hơn trong thế kỷ 21. Toán học ảnh hưởng nhiều đến sinh học, nhưng ngược lại, sinh học cũng là động lực thúc đẩy toán học trong thời đại này.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 2 tại PTE.Tools

For better or worse, we live in a world profoundly affected by Sigmund Freud. If I had to ask you, choose a psycho…, no, name a famous psychologist, the answer of most of you would be Freud. He’s the most famous psychologist ever and he’s had a profound influence on the 20th and 21st century. Some biographical information: he was born in the 1850s; he spent most of his life in Vienna, Austria. And ah … but he died in London. He escaped to London soon after retreating there at the beginning of World War Two as the Nazis began to occupy where he lived. He’s one of the most famous scholars ever, but he’s not known for any single discovery. Instead he’s known for the development of an encompassing theory of mind, one that he developed over the span of many decades.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 5 tại PTE.Tools

The shuttle was designed to be a space truck; it’s a multi-purpose vehicle. We’ve done a tremendous number of different things with it. It’s the most versatile space vehicle that has ever been built. We’ve used it to launch satellites. We’ve used it to repair satellites in orbit and put them back into orbit. We’ve used it to capture satellites and bring them back to Earth for repair. We’ve outfitted it with the space lab built by our European partners and used it before the era of the space station to do scientific research. We used it as part of our partnership with the Russians, which is still continuing, first as part of the Mir space station, where we actually prolonged the useful life of Mir by several years through logistical supply visits with the shuttle. And now, of course, we’re using it to build the new international space station, which is a … a huge international partnership.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 8 tại PTE.Tools

The basis of all life on Earth is the cell. All creatures on Earth are made up of cells. I’m not gonna dwell on the biology of cells and much is it not that relevant. But do want to point out a few things. First of all, there are 2 sorts of cells. As we think all the prokaryotic cell, which is fairly simple and it’s the thing that all bacteria are made of. And then we have a eukaryotic cell, much more complicated beasts on the right, which did not appear until well into the history of the biosphere on earth. And there are many single-celled eukaryotes. But there are also and importantly multicellular organisms and all of those are based on the eukaryotic cell.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 10 tại PTE.Tools

I’m just going to take on the stuff where left off. The hormone I want to talk to you about is called melatonin. And it’s synthesized in the Pineal Gland, which is very small. It is the size of a pea in your brain. Decartes called it “the seat of soul”, and it is where melatonin is made. And it has a rhythm as well. And in the sense, it is the opposite of cortisol. It peaks at night. We call it as the darkness hormone. In every species that we studied, melatonin occurs at night. And it’s a hormone that prepares you for the things, that your species, does at night. So, of course, in humans we sleep, but animals, like rodents, they are awake. It’s a hormone that is related to darkness behavior.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 31 tại PTE.Tools

Here are three important factors in creativity: people, process and product. The most important one is the process. First you have to create the right person through education with a creative mind. Second, you have to create the right process to have people engaged in innovation process. Third, you need to find the right problem to work on. Human beings can survive and prosper largely depending on the creativity they have. If you identify and assess the creativity of a finished product, it is taken as a proxy for the creativity of the person who produced such a product. Therefore, a creative product should be surprising, original, beautiful and useful. People should have factors necessary for genius, ability, and right mind-set.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 40 tại PTE.Tools

When this dog approaches some food, another dog’s playful snarls are played back. The dog seems curious, but the sound doesn’t stop it from taking the bone.

Here a dog hears the growls of a dog being approached by a stranger, but these don’t deter it from grabbing the bone either.

In another scenario, the sound of a dog protecting its food is played back. This time the dog backs off. These experiments suggest the dogs can distinguish between different types of growls.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 48 tại PTE.Tools

Soot, which comes from combustion of many different things, is black so it’s a strong absorber. In fact it’s second only to CO2 in terms of warming, so it’s actually ahead of methane, which you hear a lot about. The interesting thing about soot and aerosols’ impact on climate is that their lifetimes are so much shorter. So if we can reduce the soot we can make changes within months versus tens of years. It’s not to say we should ignore the CO2 and the greenhouse gases but it could buy us some time while we actually do the right strategies to reduce the greenhouse gases.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 52 tại PTE.Tools

The comics I show you with lots of people chatting around in a room is a form of description. We use different kinds of methods to describe a situation. Sometimes we have to use visual description, particularly when we do not witness the scenario. I was born during the Second World War and my hometown is X, for example when I asked my mother about the war, I always ask her you have mentioned this or that when you talked to me when asked her about the shelter, I asked her what the shelter looks like and when did you go to the shelter. From her response I could get more visual evidence as I can to write my book.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 59 tại PTE.Tools

Why does burning a food item provide information about its value as a food? The nutritional value of food can be measured on many different scales. The most basic measurement scale is the free energy content of the food. In other words, how much energy is released when chemical bonds within the food are broken? The energy content of food is measured in calories, the amount of kinetic energy required to raise the temperature of one ml of water, one degree. Food is burned under controlled conditions, breaking chemical bonds and releasing free energy. The burning is chemically similar to the breakdown of food in cellular respiration although the process occurs much more quickly and in a less controlled fashion during ignition. Calorimeter can measure the energy in food, but can not measure the digested energy of what we have.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 84 tại PTE.Tools

It is almost impossible these days not to include photography in a course on the history of art. I disagree with people such as Walter Benjamin who suggest that technology and an don’t go well together. Photography, with its realism, its accurate representation of the thing in front of you, initially deprived many artists of their subject matter, forcing them to look in new ways – no bad thing. True, mass produced images of, say, the Mona Lisa, obviously can’t provide the same experience as seeing the real painting. On the other hand, there are photographs which, to my mind, are far more thought-provoking and have greater emotional impact than a painting of the same subject could.

Some people say that the traditional idea of an artist with a trained hand and eye is old-fashioned. They no longer believe that an artist needs specialist knowledge, but rather that he or she can simply point a camera at a scene and recordit. However, on the one hand, that ignores the creative skill involved in producing photographs. On the other hand, it also ignores the fact that even in the past, painters used various technological aids. For example, the Dutch painter, Vermeer, used a camera obscura to help him create his images. We’ll go into that later, but for now, J want to look at the documentary and cultural value of photography.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 86 tại PTE.Tools

One of the most surprising insights from Einstein is that time is not what we intuitively think it is, right? Most of us have this sense that time for you is the same as time for me. And sometimes there is a cosmic clock that out there taking second after second after second, dragging it’s all in exactly the same way into the future. Einstein found that if you and I are moving relative to each other, however, our clocks don’t take off the time at the same rate. Our watches if they were once in sync if we’re moving relatively to each other, they fall out synchronization. And what is that mean? All that means that what I consider to be happening right now at a given moment, from your perspective, that might be the past or might be the future? What you consider to be happening right now to me that may be the past or the future. Now since your view of reality is every bit as valid as my view of reality. That means you cannot really say the past is gone because that might be your now, your reality. You cannot really say that the future is yet to be, maybe the future to me might be your now, your reality at that given moment, so in a sense past, present and future are all equally really, all exist, all out there.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 88 tại PTE.Tools

To be a British, the first important thing is the free of speech that we have. It doesn’t matter how small you are, how big you are, you are able to shout. I think security is very important. It’s a society that has democracy as its basic value. There are people who come from a third world which wasn’t a British colony where they didn’t have democracy such way they grew up under what I called a law lord. A system where the king or the local headman was the ruler of that particular area and he laid down the laws. And there are still parts of Africa as well as Middle East where the system still exists. They have to follow that ritual and that’s it, they cannot argue against it. Well, in our British society, we can argue. As the American saying, we can fight the city hall and this is one thing which is very unique among the western civilization. Is that any voice is heard, however small is, however big is, we have the equal authority.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 90 tại PTE.Tools

What matters is how much does each person in the household get, how much income is supporting each person in a household. Look what happens we take that 18 percent figure. Again the figure I remind you is from 1976 until 2006 in inflation-adjusted terms. The income above the median household income of Americans rose only by 18 percent, but at the same time the size of the household has fallen. So what’s happened to the average income per person in the household. Per household person income per each individual in the household over that thirty-year period. We see that that rose not by 18 percent but by 32 percent because the number of people in a household haven fallen, the amount of income earned by the household goes further per person. Because there were fewer people to share per person. Each person gets a larger slice of the pie because of few people sharing the pie. Just making that one adjustment looking at what’s happened to the size of households causes that 18 percent figure to rise to 32 percent. 32 percent’s still not great over a 30-year period but it’s different than 18 percent, a little bit more optimistic and if nothing else, it should give you some sense that data have to be interpreted carefully.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 92 tại PTE.Tools

Viatamin E supplementation confirmed as a treatment for liver problems. Hi, I’m Doctor James Meschino. There is a fatty liver condition known as NASH. That is commonly seen in diabetics, pre-diabetics and people who are overweight. NASH stands for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, a condition where you have an inflamed liver that is not caused by alcohol consumption. It is caused b faulty lifestyle behaviors, lots of fat in the diet in particular. Of course, alcohol consumption can also induce fatty liver problems. But with the obesity epidemic that we have at hand, more and more people are developing fatty liver disease, not from alcohol but from faulty dietary lifestyle patterns and lack of exercise. If it is left unchecked, fatty liver problems can degenerate into cirrhosis. In cirrhosis of the liver, you are getting scar tissue and fibrotic tissue. Nodules start to replace normal liver tissue. With advancing cirrhosis, you can end up with liver failure, requiring a liver transplant. Cirrhosis is the tenth leading cause of death in men in our society. It is the twelfth leading cause of death in women in our society as of 2001. In 2012, new medical guidelines were issued for the management of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. One of the major recommendations was 800 IUs of vitamin E every day. Why? Well, vitamin E is one of the few agents that has been shown to actually reverse some of the liver damage in people that have this problem. Other studies have also shown recently that vitamin E is linked to prevention of liver cancer in people who are high risk for primary liver cancer. Primary liver cancer is known as hepatocellular carcinoma.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 93 tại PTE.Tools

The American people are fed up with partisan politics. In a recent Gallup poll Americans named dissatisfaction with government as the number one problem facing our country today. To change the way our elected officials work for the American people, we must change how they are elected. We need to start with the first round of voting, the primaries. Thanks to gerrymandering and other factors, the primary election is often the only election that matters. In many states, less than 5% of the electorate are actually deciding who represents 100% of that district or state. That means that our elected officials are being chosen by an increasingly tiny, often incredibly partisan slice of the electorate. Today 42% of Americans identify themselves as independents. Most states include independent voters from voting in the first round, the primaries. And in states that do allow them to vote in primaries, they are forced to temporarily join a party that they don’t believe in. A Top Two nonpartisan primary eliminates party control in favor of a single, nonpartisan primary open to all voters and all candidates. There is no longer a Democratic primary and a Republican primary, there is one primary open to all voters and all candidates. The top two vote getters, regardless of party, then move forward to the general election. With nonpartisan primaries everyone gets to vote. The winners are more accountable, because they have to speak to all the voters in order to get elected. Elections are more competitive. Legislators are encouraged to work across party lines and focus on issues we care about. Top Two nonpartisan primaries are now used in California, Washington and Nebraska at the state level. You’ve probably already voted using Top Two. Most municipal elections nationwide use this simple, nonpartisan system. Today, activists in all 50 states are working to bring this crucial system change to their state. The movement is growing. Join us and help us create a government that truly is by and for the people.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 95 tại PTE.Tools

The green economy could easily be the next Industrial Revolution. I mean energy is… you know, we all need energy. We do an annual report which studies how much oil is left in the world and demand for oil. And with China, India, South America, Africa even, growing at the rate they’re now growing, you know, we think that four or five years from now the demand for fuel will exceed supply. That could push prices, you know, through the roof. For that reason you know, forget global warming for one minute just for that reason alone, we should be hurrying up, you know, saving on energy and creating alternative sources of energy. And I think those people who invest in this sector, hopefully, you know, will get their thanks, and get the right; get their just returns.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 97 tại PTE.Tools

Alright, so for example, if now this is interesting, if your eyeballs are in the front of your face, you’re seeing things. The part of your brain that lights up when you see something is actually back here. So if you actually were watching like in my class I’m sure the PowerPoints to die for and do the part of the brain that activated at that moment is way back there. If I’m giving the speech of a lifetime in my students are like more, more, on like this is the part of the brain that lights up, for example, I am just characterizing here interestingly enough if that’s all you did. You are lecturing, you giving presentations, that’s it. There’s a whole bunch of other areas in the brain that does not tend to get activated if what you really do is the kind of traditional didactic approach. So now that other senses, ok, there’s other kind of the senses and if you if processing was involved in the signal kind of spread out further and further. There is classification at the part of the cortex. This deeper areas of the brain by the way, but we’re just looking at the surface which where the high is cognitive function to kind of showing up but you got vision processing back here. You’ve got sound processing back here. There’s kind of a giant swath here that will deal with the sensory perception film touch. Smells tend to be directly kind of on the surface it out of the way. It’s very old part of the cortex underneath there. I’ll and yet we only sort of channel stuff into those areas which it seems extremely can narrow focus.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 99 tại PTE.Tools

Infinity is the perplexing idea which basically refers to something that grows without bound, no matter what number you might assign to something, infinity would be larger than that number. We make use of infinity in a number of ways in physics. We image that space conceivably could go on infinitely far. We imagine that in principle the universe could go on for an infinite matter of time. But in our calculations, if infinity turns up as the answer to something that we could directly measure with a piece of equipment, then we know that our calculation must be wrong. We have used that as a diagnostic over many decades to tell us if you find infinite popping out of your equations for something you can measure, you’d better go back, think about those equations, modify them in some way in order to get a finite answer is that’s the only kind of answer that we could ever directly measure.

 

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 101 tại PTE.Tools

 

The brand is the talent and let’s stick with that sports analogy, the answer is you can spend 450 million dollars in the stadium. But if over a ten-year period, the player talents no good, and there’re more losses than their wins, they are gonna be a lot of more empty seats in their foyers, right? No matter how good the marketing is, no matter how beautiful the stadium is, the brand is the talent. Bennis and Biederman again “the leaders of Great Groups love talent and know where to find it. They revel, revel in the talent of others”. Only, only in the stupid world, a business and government, do we promote the best accoutant? Do they have the accounting department? The best salesman, do they have the sales department? The best trainer, do they have the training department? You know, do that in sports, right? The definition of most of our coaches at professional level is they were second-rate or marginal players, were brilliant students in the game and people, that is they were good, what a good leader is doing? Leading, there was a guy when I was a kid, Yale university used to win NCAA swimming championships year after year after year. And I never heard the scene has proven, but sure it doesn’t surprise me. There was an interesting thing about their coach, he couldn’t swim, but he can sure motivate swimmers. And that’s the point, isn’t it? It’s the thing called leadership.

Most Repeated Retell Lecture PTE: Câu số 103 tại PTE.Tools

We often think of technology and invention and research as being somehow more sophisticated a proposition than nature – but actually, when we think about it, there are lots of really useful concepts that technology can take from the natural world. People are beginning to remember that other organisms on earth are doing things in a very similar way to what we need to do. And they’re looking closely at what we can learn from nature.

Take the bright screens on our mobile phones – now, this brightness, this effect that they’ve managed to achieve there, came partly as a result of research into the iridescence of the wings of butterflies and the antireflective coatings that moths have on their eyes. And it doesn’t end there. They’re looking at what makes a spider’s web so strong, how glow worms produce light with almost zero energy. The list goes on. And this area of research is called biomimicry – that’s ‘bio’, as in biology or life and ‘mimicry’, copying or imitating. It’s a very interesting field of study.